Thoracic spinal fusion is a surgery that joins two or more vertebrae in the middle back (T1-T12) using bone grafts and hardware (screws, plates) to create a single, solid bone, eliminating painful motion and stabilizing the spine. It treats instability from fractures, deformities (scoliosis, kyphosis), tumors, or degenerative conditions, aiming to reduce pain and improve function, with recovery involving longer periods of limited activity.

Spinal reconstruction is a complex surgical procedure designed to correct significant spinal deformities, instability, or structural damage caused by trauma, tumors, or severe degeneration. It involves realigning the spine and stabilizing it using hardware like screws and rods, often combined with spinal fusion to promote permanent stability. These procedures relieve severe pain, improve function, and are performed via open, minimally invasive, or robotic-assisted techniques.

Lumbar spinal fusion is a surgical procedure that permanently connects two or more vertebrae in the lower back using bone grafts, rods, and screws to eliminate painful motion, stabilize the spine, and correct deformities. Used for conditions like spondylolisthesis, stenosis, or fractures, it aims to reduce chronic back pain by creating a single, solid bone, typically taking 3-5 hours under general anesthesia.